(A wonderful summary of what is active learning, how to use it in a modified lecture format, the discussion model and questioning techniques, use of debate, role-playing, games, peer teaching, and the barriers to the use of active learning.)

2) - Myers, C. and T.B. Jones. 1993. Promoting Active Learning. Jossey- Bass Pub. San Francisco.

(An excellent book giving the rationale for active learning and classroom strategies and techniques including small group work, cooperative student projects, simulations, & case study teaching.)

(The most comprehensive updating of Perry's Model of the stages of intellectual and ethical development of male and female college students.)

2) - Nelson, C.E. 1989. Skewered on the unicorn's horn: The illusion of tragic tradeoff between content and critical thinking in the teaching of science. In Enhancing Critical Thinking in the Sciences (Ed. L. W. Crow) pp 17-27. Soc. College Science Teachers, National Science Teachers Assoc. 1742 Connecticut Ave. NW, Wash. DC 20009

(The best summary of Perry's Model of Intellectual and Ethical Development especially useful for scientists.)

3) - Nelson, C.E. 1986. Creation, evolution or both? A multiple model approach. In Science and Creation.. NY: MacMillan

(A fascinating example of a course designed to enhance critical thinking in the classroom using the evolution debate.)

4) - Perry, W. G., Jr. 1970. Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. Holt, Rinehardt & Winston.

(A conceptual scheme categorizing the stages of intellectual and ethical development in male Harvard students. An extraordinarily influential work.)

(The latest tips and ideas about how to make cooperative learning work in the classroom.)

2) - Goodsell, A., M. Maher and V. Tinto. 1992. Collaborative Learning: A Sourcebook for Higher Education. University Park, PA. National Center for Postsecondary Teaching, Learning and Assessment.

3) - Kadel, S. and J.A. Keehner. 1994. Collaborative Learning: A Sourcebook for Higher Education. Vol. II.
University Park, PA. National Center for Postsecondary Teaching, Learning and Assessment.

(These works give some of the rationale, background, bibliography, and many classroom techniques for using cooperative/collaborative learning. If you have these you will save yourself a lot of grief in searching the literature.)

4) - Johnson, D.W. and R.T. Johnson. 1989. Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research. Interaction Book Co. 7208 Cornelia Dhve, Edina, MN 55435, (612) 831-9500

5) - Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson and K.A. Smith. 1991. Cooperative Learning:Increasing College Faculty Instructional Productivity. ASHE-ERIC. Higher Education Report No. 4. Wash. DC, George Washington Univ., School of Education & Human Development.

6) - Johnson, D.W., R.T. Johnson and E.J. Houbec. 1992. Advanced Cooperative Learning. lnteraction Book Co., Edina, MN.

(The above three works are from the leaders in the cooperative learning movement. They cite an impressive literature and theoretical background for the superiority of the method in teaching, and present many of the critical techniques.)

2) - Beeching, N.J. and J.S. Cheesbourgh. 1994. Illustrated Case Histories: Infectious Diseases. Mosby Year Book Europe Limited, London.

3) - Cliff, W. (In press). Cases studies: An exercise for teaching microbiology to applied health students.

4) - Emond, R.T.D. and H.A.K. Rowland. 1987. Diagnostic Picture Tests in Infectious Diseases. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Inc., Mosby. St. Louis.

5) - Fourtner, A.W., C.R. Fourtner and C.F. Herreid. 1994. Bad blood: A case study of the Tuskegee syphilis project. Journal of College Science Teaching 23:277-285.

6) - Gilligar, P.H., D.S. Shapiro and M. Lynn Smiley. 1992. Cases in Medical microbiology and Infectious diseases. American Society for Microbiology, Wash. DC.

7) - Gillmer, M.D., G.D. Gordon, P.S. Sever and P.J.Steer. 100 Cases for Students of Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

8) - Herreid, C.F. 1996. Case study teaching in science: A dilemma cse on "Animals Rights." Journal of College Science Teaching 25:413-418.

9) - Herreid, C.F. 1994a. Case studies in science: A novel method of science education. Journal of College Science Teaching 23: 221 - 229.

10) - Herreid, C.F. 1994b. Journal articles as case studies: The New England Journal of Medicine on breast cancer. Journal of College Science Teaching 23:349-355.

11) - Wilkerson, L. and W. H. Gijselaers. 1996. Bringing Problem-based Learning to Higher Education: Theory and Practice. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA

(All of the above articles are useful for instructors in specific case studies, especially in fields related to medicine where it is relatively easy to develop cases. The only general article listed which focuses on different techniques of teaching cases is that of Herreid, 1994a.)

2) - Michaelson, L.K., 1992. Team learning: A comprehensive approach for harnessing the power of small groups in higher education.To Improve the Academy, 11: 107-122.

3) - Michaelson, L.K., W.E. Watson and C.B. Shrader. 1985. Informative testing-- A practical approach for tutoring with groups. Organizational Behavior Teaching Review 9:19-33.

4) - Michaelson, L.K. 1994, Team learning: Making a case for the small group option. Handbook of College Teaching: Theory and Applications, edited by K.W. Pritchard and R. McLaran Sawyer. Greenwood Press, Wetsport, Conn.

5) - Scannapieco, F.A. and C.F. Herreid. 1994. An application of Team Learning in dental education. Jour. Dental Education 58: 843-848.

(Team Learning is a radical departure from the normal lecture method. It is a form of collaborative learning where students are placed into permanent heterogeneous groups. For each class period there is assigned reading. There are individual and group quizzes over the material, followed by group work on an application of the principles for the day. Michaelson is the pioneer using the method.)