SHOWCASE SESSIONS
PANEL DISCUSSION
POSTER SESSIONS
OLAC ROUND TABLES
BIRDS OF A FEATHER SESSIONS
SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENT REPORT

CONNEXION CLIENT 1.40 RELEASE DELAYED UNTIL JULY
ALCTS ANNOUNCES MARGARET MANN CITATION RECIPIENT
PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL REPORT OF THE AMEGA PROJECT
AN UPCOMING PUBLICATION ON CATALOGING DIGITAL RESOURCES
A PUBLICATION ABOUT DIGITAL AUDIO OBJECTS

AUTHORITY CONTROL IN ORGANIZING AND ACCESSING INFORMATION
CARTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

The longest article in this issue is the second (and final) installment of the reports from the October 2004 OLAC Conference in Montreal. It was Conference Editor Jan Mayo's phenomenal success in putting together reporters for the Conference--not to mention the reporters' engaging commentary--that resulted in such a comprehensive set of reports. As readers may remember (from my explanation in the December issue), that situation caused an unusual, though pleasant, dilemma: how to include the reports along with all the other interesting content intended for that issue. The solution was to break the OLAC Conference Reports out into two "installments"--one that appeared in the December issue and the remainder slated for this issue. The best part of this solution was that the entire set of reports could be (and was) available in electronic form on the OLAC Website. As for the print version: the first installment included reports on the two-day pre-conference workshop, the two plenary sessions and the full array of workshop offerings. The installment for this issue contains reports on two showcase sessions, a panel discussion, poster sessions, round tables, and "birds of a feather" sessions. There is also a perspective on the Conference from the OLAC Scholarship recipient, Jaime Anderson.

After this explanation, I fear that I might have given readers the impression that this issue is dominated by Conference reports. However, it is not. There is also a full range of regular contributions, including an address from the President, the "News & Announcements" column and the Treasurer's report. Also, among the longer of the columns are two substantial contributions from two of our regular columnists. Two excellent resources are reviewed in the "Book Reviews" column, one on maps and the other on the values and issues related to the authority process. The other long contribution is the catalogers' advice column ("OLAC Cataloger's Judgment"), which is, as usual, packed with interesting problems and excellent solutions.

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Hello again. This is my final presidential address (now, now, stop cheering). It has been a great honor to have served as your President over the past year. I look forward to serving OLAC in other ways in the future. I would like to take this opportunity to wish our new President, Rebecca Lubas, every success. I am sure that our organization will continue to grow and prosper under her leadership. However, as always, she and the Executive Board cannot do it without your help. I sincerely hope that you will give even more of your time and talents in the years to come.

There is an old adage/curse that goes: "May you live in interesting times". I believe this is going to prove especially true for catalogers in the next few years. As many of you know, the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR has begun work a new edition of the cataloging rules. During these formative months of the new edition's creation, and beyond that, when it goes through rule interpretations and further decisions, the AV cataloging community will need to ensure that its cataloging needs are addressed. The AV community will need educated and outspoken representatives who can articulate these needs to the greater cataloging public. This is precisely the kind of function for which OLAC was created. It is at such important times as this that OLAC membership needs to rise to the responsibility to give this important turning point its earnest attention. So now it is even more imperative that everyone become involved in OLAC to help keep it moving onward and upward. To quote another adage: “If you do not do it, then who will?"

Having put forth this challenge, I bring this column to a close. Once again, I thank you for having given me this great opportunity to serve OLAC. I look forward to working with more of you on a variety of OLAC tasks in the years to come.

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TREASURER'S REPORT
Third Quarter & Year-to-Date
January 1 through March 31, 2005
Bobby Bothmann, Treasurer

1. Is an introduction to cataloging courses required for degree and diploma programs?
   
2. Are they are taught by full-time faculty? (This demonstrates a commitment to the status of cataloging education
   
3. Is the faculty actively engaged in research?
   
4. Does the faculty hold memberships in professional associations?
   
5. Does the faculty participate in standards development? (e.g., descriptive cataloging standards, classification)
   
6. Are degree and continuing education programs offered in Web resources cataloging and metadata? (stand-alone and in conjunction with professional associations and conferences)
   

1. Cataloging courses with practicum component
   
2. Tension between theory and practice (everyone having slightly different expectations: the student, the professor, and the profession)
   
3. The "plug-and-play" controversy: the expectation of immediate expertise when the student assumes his/her first post-MLS job. This could be result of too much instruction at the theoretical level than the practical level during graduate studies.

1. identify and prepare students with core competencies for library technical services
   
2. devise and conduct training to produce flexible and resourceful cataloging professionals
   
3. promote the use and understanding of new and emerging metadata schema like Dublin Core.

1. Union Catalogue in AMICUS : Alternative formats for persons with visual or hearing disabilities (bilingual) (.doc)
2. Handout: Cataloguing for Access: Materials for Disabled Persons (.doc)
3. Draft Guidelines for Cataloguing Tactile Materials (.doc)
4. Union Catalogue Information, Statistics & Contacts (bilingual) (.doc)

• What is the difference between closed captioning and open captioning? (A. The former requires a decoder built into the equipment, the later does not.)
  
• What are the access points to use when searching for braille materials? (A. The GMD "braille" and the coding in the 008 field.)
  
• Are tactile maps cataloged as maps or braille? (A. As maps with tactile 007 and tactile qualification on GMD.)

• Numbering systems for learning resource center materials.
  
• Security concerns with optical discs.
  
• Difficulty in finding films produced in other countries, since the fixed field is being done by the 260, not the 245.
• The observation that catalogers do not always consider adding headings necessary for all users to locate what they need.
  
• The degree to which libraries enhance cases for visual materials, both to attract users and to provide additional information.
  
• The possibility of enhancing or qualifying the GMD to identify specific formats. There was a suggestion on the OLAC List to put SMD in the 245. The suggestion was made that catalogers use local fields for this kind of modification.
  
• A special project at one institution that included digital videos from various places which users accessed from a Website. The institution tried to develop a model to handle similar kinds of materials within their agency.
  
• Digitizing of earlier formats, including the cost, time required, lifespan of the format, and the equipment required to use them
  
• DVDs from multiple regions, the issue is region-free players. It is necessary to be sure that the video will display correctly on the appropriate television.
  
• The need for a form sub-division for digital DVD. It was suggested that this idea be submitted to the SACO Website.

CONNEXION CLIENT 1.40 RELEASE DELAYED UNTIL JULY

Connexion Client 1.40 release has been moved from June to July. June will be a very busy month for many of us, including libraries still completing their migration, support staff at OCLC regional service providers and in OCLC Customer Support helping staff with migration issues. Moving the Client release from June to early July will help OCLC to complete migration before introducing the Client, so that support staff will be available to help with upgrades if needed.

For more information about the upcoming changes to Client 1.40, please see <http://www.oclc.org/connexion/interface/client/enhancements/future.htm>. The following updates have been made recently on this page:

Client 1.40 will now include:

• updates to text string functionality; the cursor is now left at the end of the text, even if text crosses cells
• a new "align-right" option for cataloging with the Arabic (and Hebrew) script
• a Chinese (Simplified) interface (previously Chinese (Traditional) and Japanese interfaces were announced)

The following enhancements were previously announced as "July-September", but they have now been updated to "July":

• Hebrew, Cyrillic, and Greek script cataloging
• Access to the HKCAN (Hong Kong Chinese Authority Names) database

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ALCTS ANNOUNCES MARGARET MANN CITATION RECIPIENT

Dorothy McGarry, retired Head of the Cataloging Division of the UCLA Physical Sciences and Technology Libraries, is the recipient of the 2005 Margaret Mann Citation presented by the Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS), Cataloging and Classification Section (CCS) of the American Library Association (ALA).

The award is a citation and a $2,000 scholarship donated in the recipient's honor by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., to the library school of the winner's choice. It recognizes outstanding professional achievement in cataloging or classification.

Dorothy McGarry is recognized for her multiple contributions to the practice of cataloging, in particular, her prolific involvement in professional association work at regional, national, and international levels. Her service within ALA encompasses a number of divisions and activities. She participated in the development and ongoing revision of several of the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions (ISBDs) and in IFLA working groups on "Guidelines for Subject Authority Files", and "Principles Underlying Subject Heading Languages".

McGarry has made significant contributions to the cataloging of cartographic and scientific materials. She is a member of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Committee for Cartographic Materials, which prepared the second edition of Cartographic Materials: A Manual of Interpretation for AACR2, 2002.

Throughout Dorothy McGarry's career, she has served as a mentor and trainer to many catalogers, scholars and cataloging activists. The common thread in her professional life is the knowledge, expertise, dedication, and spirit of helpfulness she brings to whatever activity is being undertaken.

Dorothy McGarry holds a master's degree in library science from the University of California, Los Angeles.

The Margaret Mann Citation will be presented on June 26, 2005, at the ALCTS Awards Ceremony during the ALA Annual Conference in Chicago.

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PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL REPORT OF THE AMEGA PROJECT

The Library of Congress is pleased to announce publications of the final report for the AMeGA (Automatic Metadata Generation Applications) project.

Greenberg, J., Spurgin , K., and Crystal, A. Final Report for the AMeGA (Automatic Metadata Generation Applications) Project. Submitted to the Library of Congress, February, 17, 2005.
Available at <http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/lc_amega_final_report.pdf>.

Dr. Greenberg served as Principal Investigator (PI) for the AmeGA project, a research grant that lasted a full year. AMeGA stands for Automatic Metadata Generation Applications; the project's goal was to identify and recommend functionalities for applications supporting automatic metadata generation in the library/bibliographic control community. The project was conducted in connection Section 4.2 of the Library of Congress Bibliographic Control Action Plan. The Action Plan's charge for section 4.2 is to "Develop specifications for a tool that will enable libraries to extract [and harvest] metadata from Web-based resources in order to create catalog records and that will detect and report changes in resource content and bibliographic data in order to maintain those records. Communicate the specifications to the vendor community and encourage their adoption".

The AMeGA research project pursued three main goals:

1. Evaluate the current automatic metadata generation applications (in the following categories: document presentation software, tools created specifically for metadata generation, and online library cataloging modules for creating metadata);
2. Survey metadata professionals to get a consensus on which aspects of metadata generation are most amenable to automation and semi-automation;
3. Compile a final report of recommended functionalities for automatic metadata generation applications. The final report was reviewed and endorsed by the Metadata Generation Task Force (MGTF).

The report acknowledges the contributions of the MGTF members for their participation and their expert advice. In addition, since the final report was based partially on survey data gathered from a variety of participants that were recruited via a number of listservs , Dr. Greenberg also expressed her gratitude for input of the survey participants, both for the quality and depth of their responses.

To find out more about the AMeGA project, please go to AMeGA Project Website at <http://ils.unc.edu/mrc/amega.htm>.

[originally posted by:]
Bernard L. Karon
Associate Professor, and Head, Technical Services
University of Minnesota Libraries -- Twin Cities
St. Paul Campus Central Library (Magrath)
phone: 612-624-6799
fax: 612-625-3134
e-mail: <b-karo@tc.umn.edu>

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AN UPCOMING PUBLICATION ON CATALOGING DIGITAL RESOURCES

Be on the lookout for a new book to appear soon: Cataloging and Organizing Digital Resources . Co-authors: Anne M. Mitchell and Brian E. Surratt. New York: Neal Schuman Publishing, 2005. LCCN 2005-903; OCLC 57626098.

Anne (my colleague here at Houston) says there is a chapter on cataloging e-books.

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A PUBLICATION ABOUT DIGITAL AUDIO OBJECTS

For any institution considering a digitization program, or for anyone looking for a reminder of basic principles, Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects (TC-04) is an essential introduction and outline of all of the key elements of the audio digitization process.

Published by the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA), Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects (TC-04) was prepared by IASA's renowned Technical Committee, and edited by Kevin Bradley of the National Library of Australia. The Guidelines present a structured summary of current thinking and best practices regarding the digitization and preservation of audio materials. Written in a clear precise manner, this publication will be invaluable for any archive, library, museum or organization faced with the challenges of digitizing audio materials.

These Guidelines have been endorsed by the Sub-Committee on Technology of the Memory of the World Programme of UNESCO. They were also praised and frequently cited at the 2005 Association for Recorded Sound Collections conference in Austin, Texas.

The Guidelines can be ordered through the IASA Website <http://www.iasa-web.org> at a cost of 35 Euro per copy plus 5 Euro for postage. Alternatively, it can be ordered via the North American distributor Nauck's Vintage Records <http://www.78rpm.com/> at a price of $50.00 (US) plus shipping. Nauck's accepts most major credit cards.

The Guidelines provide an excellent introduction to all aspects of digital reproduction including:

• Key Digital Principles and Standards
• Metadata
• Unique and Persistent Identifiers
• Signal Extraction for Originals
• Reproduction of Historical Mechanical and other Obsolete Formats
• Reproduction of Vinyl LP records
• Reproduction of Analogue Magnetic Tapes
• Reproduction of Digital Magnetic Carriers
• Reproduction of Optical Disk Media (CD and DVD)
• Preservation Target Formats and Systems
• Data and Audio Specific Storage Technology
• Digital Mass Storage Systems (DMSS)
• Data Tape Types and Formats
• Hard Disk Drives (SDD)
• Small Scale Manual Approaches to Digital Storage Systems
• Optical Disks: CD/DVD Recordables
• Magneto-Optical (MO) Disks

The discussion within each of these sections is comprehensive and includes such topics as selection of best copy, cleaning and carrier restoration, replay equipment, speed, replay equalization, various tape formats, alignment, noise reduction, practical aspects of data protection strategies, monitoring of data tape media, backup and migration, and, perhaps the most important of all, costs. There is also a bibliography.

For more information contact:
Ilse Assmann <assmanni@sabc.co.za>, Editor: IASA
    or
Kurt Nauck <nauck@78rpm.com>

[originally posted by:]
Richard Green, IASA Vice-President
Acting Manager, Music Section
Library and Archives Canada
395 Wellington Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0N4

phone: 613-995-3400
fax: 613-952-2895
e-mail: <richard.green@lac-bac.gc.ca>

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Authority Control in Organizing and Accessing Information:
Definition and International Experience
Edited by Arlene G. Taylor and Barbara B. Tillett

An important, but often overlooked, misunderstood, or underappreciated aspect of library cataloging is authority control. As all catalogers (and, hopefully, all librarians) know, authority control facilitates access to a library's holdings by means of organization, standardization, accuracy, and consistency. It is essential for effective and seamless searching of any library catalog. The increasing amount of digital information available via online library catalogs makes authority control increasingly important and difficult, but it also affords opportunities to find creative solutions to old problems. The editors and contributors of Authority Control in Organizing and Accessing Information: Definition and International Experience understand this, and they strive to make a significant contribution to the world of authority control. They certainly succeed. This large and impressive volume, which was simultaneously co-published in two issues of the journal Cataloging and Classification Quarterly, is comprised of papers presented at the 2003 International Conference on Authority Control, in addition to several solicited articles contributed afterwards.

The book consists of five sections, each focusing on various aspects of authority control. The first section, "State of the Art and New Theoretical Perspectives", consists of three thought-provoking articles. One of the most interesting papers in the entire book is Arlene Taylor's discussion on teaching authority control in library schools. She conducted a survey of library school professors, and the results are enlightening and perhaps surprising. Survey respondents noted that teaching authority control is an important endeavor in library science, but just how much it is taught and what barriers exist for someone wanting to teach it may surprise the reader. The eight articles within the second section, "Standards, Exchange Formats, Metadata", address a wide variety of pertinent and fascinating topics of interest to all catalogers, especially metadata specialists. These include IFLA's attempts at developing the UNIMARC standard for authority data, the relationship between authority control and various bourgeoning metadata standards, and the challenge of establishing and maintaining authority control in an era of networked interoperability. The third section, "Authority Control for Names and Places", consists of eight articles that are particularly practical. One highlight in this section is Qiang Jin's fascinating discussion on using the Web pages of corporate entities as bases for established headings in authority records. The next section, "Authority Control for Subjects", addresses issues in subject authority records in its six articles, highlighted by Ana Lupe Cristán's discussion on SACO and subject gateways.

The final, and by far lengthiest, section of the book is "Authority Control Experiences and Projects", which consists of twenty articles detailing case study results of a wide variety of projects involving authority control that were recently undertaken by librarians around the world. These international experiences should have universal appeal to all catalogers. This section, which takes up nearly half of the book's 651 pages, is arguably the best reason to acquire and read this tome. It is tremendously rewarding to read about, and learn from, librarians from around the world who are finding creative solutions to such authority control problems as multiple names and language differences.

A worthwhile addition to these five sections is Michael Gorman's opinionated and incisive article on the history, current state, and future of authority control. This excellent overview of the process and rationale for authority control should be required reading for all librarians and library science students. Gorman's strong thoughts on "real cataloging" versus Dublin Core metadata (which he calls "wretched Dublin Core") and Google searching will undoubtedly cause a reaction.

This book is both practical and theoretical in nature, and focuses on both "real cataloging" and metadata. The issues addressed are not just touched upon; rather, they are explored in depth. A tremendous amount of research is conducted on authority control and librarians around the world are obviously putting a great deal of creative thought and effort into this essential aspect of cataloging. The authors' contributions are remarkably thorough and comprehensive, but the articles are as readable as they are instructive and consist of a large amount of useful information that the reader can apply to his or her own job as cataloger or metadata specialist. Those who are merely looking for a comprehensive history of authority control will find it within the book's pages. Additionally, those interested in the current state of authority control will be thrilled. And finally, those seeking ideas on where authority control may be heading will also be satisfied. The consistently high quality of writing and thinking found within the book's pages is inspiring. As an invaluable resource for practitioners and educators alike, it should find its way into library science classrooms, onto library shelves and catalogers' desks everywhere.

Published in 2004 by: Haworth Information Press, Binghamton , New York . (651 p.) ISBN 0-7890-2715-1 ($59.95); 0-7890-2716-X ( pbk . - $34.95). Co-published simultaneously as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 38, Nos. 3/4, 2004 and vol. 39, nos. 1/2, 2004.

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Map catalogers eagerly awaited the revision of Cartographic Materials, the classic, authoritative manual, long out of print. The revised manual came out in 2003 and is intended for use as a supplement in conjunction with the 2002 revision of AACR2. Its aim is to help catalogers to interpret and apply the rules given in Chapters 1 and 3 and, where necessary, Chapters 2, 9, 12 and 13 of AACR2 (2002 Rev.).

Cartographic Materials contains 14 chapters, 10 appendices, a glossary, a concordance, and an index. The manual is issued in loose-leaf format to aid in convenient updating of the base text. The manual is arranged according to the areas of cataloging description. The appendices contain guidelines and technical details on various issues of map cataloging, such as instruction on choosing the access points, determining scale, coordinates and date of situation. Moreover, additional information useful for cataloging series, sets, atlases, early cartographic materials, electronic resources, remote sensing images, serials, and integrating resources are found in the other appendices.

The manual has been expanded to include rules, up-to-date examples, applications, and policies for early cartographic materials, cartographic electronic resources, remote sensing images, serials and integrating resources. The glossary, including relevant parts from the glossary of AACR2, is expanded to incorporate many additional terms relating to electronic resources, cartography, and map production methods.

The rule numbers follow a similar ordering system to that used in AACR2, starting with the Area designation. Moreover, to facilitate reference to AACR2 rules, the corresponding AACR2 rule number is given in parentheses in the right hand margin next to each Cartographic Materials (CM) rule. Further assistance is provided in the section following many of the rules, with the addition of information designated as "Applications" and "Policies". When present, "Applications" interpret the rules and provide guidance for their use. Less frequently given, but equally valuable, "Policies" are provided to identify what practices are specifically followed for the rule in question by selected national agencies responsible for cataloging cartographic materials.

There were many significant changes made in AACR2 (2002 Rev.) that have had an impact on everyday cartographic materials cataloging. For instance, the terms "cartographic materials" and "electronic resources" were added to the list of General Material Designations in AACR2. In Area 3 ("Mathematical and other material specific details"), there are rule changes with respect to materials with more than one scale statement. Also, the ability to record coordinates in decimal degrees (a method of identifying coordinates used heavily in metadata and GIS schemes) is now an option (AACR2 3.3D1) that can be included in bibliographic records.

With the change in AACR2 (2002 Rev.) of the label for Chapter 9 from "computer files" to "electronic resources", the foremost impact to catalogers of cartographic electronic resources is the identification of the chief source of information in Cartographic Materials (0C7). The list of "Chief source of information for electronic resources" has grown to include title screen(s), main menus, program statements, initial display(s) of information, home page(s), the file header(s) including "Subject:" lines, encoded metadata, and the physical carrier or its labels. These are considered to be the formally presented evidence. In cases where the information varies in completeness, the rule instructs the cataloger to select the source that provides the most complete information. The manual also provides detailed instructions on what to do when the information is not available from the resource itself.

The manual also includes interpretations of new rules for digital geospatial data. In order to record the more technical description accompanying geospatial data, two new elements of description have appeared recently in map cataloging guidelines: "digital graphic representation" (AACR2) and "geospatial reference data" (Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata). The highly technical concept of "geospatial reference data" is explained in Appendix H on "Cartographic electronic resources". Catalogers who have avoided cataloging digital spatial data because of the lack of up-to-date cataloging rules should be pleased that there is finally solid guidance for this new type of cartographic material.

There is a great deal of useful information in the appendices, which can be demonstrated here with just a few well-chosen examples. Catalogers of cartographic electronic resources will find it useful to read the section on metadata (H.6) in Appendix H, which describes where metadata can be found in CDs, DVD-ROMs, and Internet resources. As mentioned earlier, catalogers now have a choice of entering the coordinates as decimal degrees found in cartographic electronic resources, as opposed to the traditional sexagesimal system of degrees, minutes, and seconds. This is addressed in Appendix B, "Guidelines to determine scales and coordinates", with Table 9. For those who catalog remote-sensing images, Appendix J is devoted to that topic and covers the pertinent guidance necessary for that task.

This revision includes an expansion of the treatment of early cartographic material. Aside from the guidelines for rare maps that are interspersed within the rules, an appendix (G) on this subject is included, furnishing more useful information. It is based on Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Booksand Manual for Cataloging of Antiquarian Cartographic Materials and provides advice in cataloging early cartographic material. The excerpts from Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Books offer useful advice on working with early forms of print letters (G.1). Abbreviated forms of standard bibliographic references used for citation of published descriptions of rare maps are included (G.3). On the more difficult concepts of reproductions of early cartographic materials, definitions of facsimile, fakes, forgeries, original, reprint, reproduction, and re-strike are drawn from various established references sources (G.5). Three pages of the appendix are devoted to various factors to consider in identifying reproductions.

The Concordance has a list of rule numbers three and a half pages long (with four columns per page) showing the correlation between AACR2 rules to those found in this manual. It also has a similar list on two-thirds of a page (divided into two columns) correlating Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Book rules to those in Cartographic Materials. Both lists prove to be very useful when catalogers want to explore the other manuals for further explication.

With everything that is included in Cartographic Materials, it should be noted that the manual is not, nor was it intended to be, a single resource for map cataloging. In its function as a manual for guidance on the descriptive aspects of map cataloging, it does not cover subject analysis and headings nor the form of name, title, geographic or other headings. Instead, it is a substantial update of a resource long considered a "bible" for map catalogers. In that capacity, it is an authoritative and invaluable tool for cartographic catalogers, as well as catalogers who deal with cartographic materials on a more occasional basis. It is also an absolutely indispensable tool for libraries with a substantial map collection.

Published jointly in 2003 by: American Library Association ( Chicago , Ill. ), Canadian Library Association ( Ottawa , Ont.) and Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ( London , Eng. ). ISBNs: 0-8389-3539-7 ( ALA ); 0-88802-305-7 (CLA); 1-85604-516-1 (CILIP). Price: $115 ( U.S. ); ALA member price: $103; ordering now through ALA also includes the 2004 Update Pages (ISBN: 0-8389-3549-4), normally priced at $35, or $31.50 for ALA members. (The "update pages" were not included as a part of this review).

Enhanced CDs, 006s, and 007s

Question: I am cataloging an enhanced CD with an array of characteristics. I am not certain about how many additional 006 and 007 fields are needed for it, not to mention which format type(s) to choose. The example in hand is primarily a standard audio CD that can also be used as a CD-ROM to view two music videos, with the capability of viewing the lyrics of each song a line or two at a time while listening to the songs via the computer. In the past, it would have been sufficient to code the record as a musical sound recording (with the respective 007 field), and to add fields 006 and 007 for the computer file (CF) aspects. However, now that the guidelines for when to use Type "m" have changed, does that also affect coding for secondary aspects? When creating a full-level cataloging record for the CD as described above, would the cataloger need to add fields 006 and 007 for the electronic resource aspects, another 006 and 007 for visual materials and yet another 006 for the textual aspects?

Answer: The item described as "primarily a standard audio CD" should, as you say, be coded as a musical sound recording (Type "j") with a corresponding sound recording 007. Beyond this, the other aspects need to be considered. Since it is an "Enhanced CD" with computer file aspects, a CF 006 and CF 007 are needed. Regarding the lyrics display, it is useful to think the situation through and consider a few analogies. Clearly, the song lyrics are important, but in the context of this whole item, should they be considered as accompanying material (similar to a lyrics sheet or program notes accompanying a music CD) or as an aspect equal in importance to the sound and/or the CD-ROM element? Although it is a matter of judgment, my tendency would be to lean toward considering these lyrics to be accompanying material, not necessarily having sufficient value to the end user for coding a textual 006. Catalogers can think of this as roughly analogous to movie subtitles or closed captions, which are equally useful but for which a textual 006 is not provided. The point here is not to denigrate song lyrics in the least, but just to suggest that there might be a way of "weighting" decisions on this kind of matter. For instance, if this were an opera CD that included, say, a "pdf" of the opera libretto (just as some opera CDs and LPs are sometimes accompanied by printed libretto booklets), then this kind of case might be considered substantial enough to be worth giving access via a textual 006. In the case described here, however, I would suggest noting the availability of the lyrics, but not including field 006 for that textual aspect.

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Coding 006 and 007 Fields for Accompanying Material

Question: Popular song lyrics may not always rise to a level of importance that would warrant additional format coding, but what about the case of a popular music audio CD that is "enhanced" to include music videos for the songs that can be viewed via computer? Another example would be audio CDs that also contain a whole range of other material (pictures, videos, musical analysis, commentaries, etc.). In other words, is providing CF fields 006 and 007 alone still sufficient for all secondary material that is accessed as a CD-ROM, or does the change in MARC towards preferring Type Codes other than "m" for textual, visual, or audio material mean that a CF 006 and 007 alone are no longer sufficient with respect to extending OCLC's "Cataloging Electronic Resources" guidelines for primary formats to secondary formats?

Answer: Technology long ago outpaced catalogers' means of giving access to such complex materials. AACR2 and MARC 21 are imperfect and incomplete tools in trying to accomplish the best access that catalogers can manage (and AACR3, I feel confident in predicting, will likewise be imperfect and incomplete). When cataloging any individual item, whether it is something as traditional as a book or as cutting edge as the most complex multimedia item imaginable, catalogers make choices about how--and how much--description and access to provide. Each individual case will differ, as will the cataloger's judgments about the relative importance of different aspects of each individual item. The libretto example in the question above is a good example of this kind of judgment. Another point to make about more complex items is that catalogers should not feel compelled to account for absolutely everything, but that judgment should be used. In the case above, stating that it was "not necessary" to use a textual 006 to bring out the presence of the song lyrics does not mean that there is anything wrong with doing so. Similarly, if another aspect (videos, still photographs, whatever) of the item is judged to be worth bringing out with a corresponding field 006, then by all means it should be done. Now if I understand it correctly, the question is if catalogers should try to use 006 fields to account for the particular materials (text, video, photos, etc.) that may be presented via, say, the CD-ROM component of an "Enhanced CD" that primarily has audio characteristics. Again, catalogers must resort to judgment and remember that it is not always possible to account for everything. The CF 006 is supplied to give (admittedly rudimentary) access to the CD-ROM material, whatever it may be, with the corresponding 538 given to specify the equipment, software, etc. needed to access that material, with the possibility of adding another note detailing what that material is. In many (probably most) cases, that should be sufficient. Catalogers should not feel obligated to code 006 fields beyond that to account for any individual CD-ROM aspects, except when they judge that information to be particularly appropriate.

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Describing DVD Special Features

Question: I am cataloging a DVD that has 2 discs, one for the movie and one devoted to special features. Should "2 videodiscs" or "1 videodisc" be given in the 300 field? Either solution would seem to call for a 500 note to mention the presence of a disc for special features, right? It seems to me that "1 videodisc" would be correct for the 300, since the running time in subfield $a is supposed to be only for the film and not the special features. However, I cannot seem to find any documentation on this and would appreciate some guidance.

Answer: Describe the resource as "2 videodiscs", with the parenthetical duration covering only the main feature. If the material on the second disc lends itself to a list of contents (with durations, if appropriate), they can be listed in a full or partial contents note in field 505. If those special features do not lend themselves to presentation as a formal contents note, then the contents of second disc may be outlined more generally in a 500 note. Example:

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Video Parallel Titles

Question: The chief source of information for motion pictures and videorecordings is mainly taken from the title screen. At times, a feature film in DVD format has optional translated titles on the title screen; sometimes there are several of them. Should they all be given as parallel titles in the 245 field or just be placed in field 246?

Answer: AACR2 Rule 7.1D1 refers back to the general Rule 1.1D on parallel titles. LCRI 1.1D2, labeled "LC practice" (which, remember, means it can be followed or not according to an institution's needs and/or cataloger's judgment), says to follow the outlined practice for a "second-level description". That level would entail recording, after the title, the first parallel title, as well as any subsequent parallel title that is in English. Additionally, if both the title proper and the first parallel title are in a non-roman script and there is no title in English, give as the second parallel title one in a roman alphabet language, following this order of choices: French, German, Spanish, Latin, any other roman alphabet language. If following "third-level description", all parallel titles would be transcribed. In that case, any parallel titles that appear in the chief source would be transcribed in field 245 and would also be given access in individual 246 fields coded for parallel title. Additionally, any parallel title found on the item, but not in the chief source, could also be transcribed in a 246 field, with an appropriate introductory phrase stating its source.

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Coding 007 for CDs with Multiple Capture and Storage Techniques

Question: How should the "capture and storage techniques" portion of the Sound Recording (SR) 007 ( subfield $n, 007/13) be recorded for a compilation on compact disc that gives the SPARS codes "ADD/DDD"? That is, some of the selections on the disc were recorded via analog techniques and some digitally. Since subfield $n of 007 is non-repeatable, it is impossible to record both "e" and "d". Coding it "z" for "Other" could be a possibility, but that was really intended for capture techniques not represented at all by any of the other codes, such as recordings from piano rolls.

Answer: The best way to deal with this situation is to create two SR 007 fields, one with the subfield $n (007/13) coded "e" for the analog electrical storage and the other coded "d" for digital storage. In MARC 21, no individual element of any 007 is repeatable.

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Punctuation in Statement of Responsibility Notes

Question: In making my first attempt at cataloging DVDs yesterday, I ran across a conflict in punctuation in the 508 note where there are multiple statements of people with different functions. AACR2R Rule 7.7B6 shows no space preceding the semicolon. OCLC's Bibliographic Formats & Standards (c2002) shows a space before and after the semicolon. LC's MARC21 Format for Bibliographic Data for 508 notes (updated in October 2001) shows spaces before and after the semicolon in the shorter notes; however, in the last, very long example, the space preceding the semicolon was omitted. This means the examples in MARC show both methods of punctuation. Which way is correct? My gut feeling is to ignore the examples used in AACR2R and add the space so that the punctuation follows what is used in 245 subfield $c when there are multiple statements of responsibility (as in Rule 1.1F6). I realize this is not a life-shattering decision, but it is giving me indigestion.

Answer: Similar questions have arisen in the past, and I have taken the liberty of adapting and updating my answer to one of those similar questions. The original appeared in MOUG Newsletter no. 79 (November 2001), on p. 12; it was reprinted as Question 6.6 in my Cataloger's Judgment, on p. 169-170. Here is the updated answer:

First, it is important to keep in mind the statement found in AACR2's General Introduction 0.14: "The examples used throughout these rules are illustrative and not prescriptive. That is, they illuminate the provisions of the rule to which they are attached, rather than extend those provisions. Do not take the examples or the form in which they are presented as instructions unless specifically told to do so by the accompanying text". Since 7.7B6 does not address punctuation and the rules on punctuation of notes (7.7A1 and 1.7A) do not directly address such internal punctuation, the examples in 7.7B6 should not be taken as establishing any punctuation rules. In fact, 1.7A3 states, in part: "If data in a note correspond to data found in the title and statement of responsibility ... give the elements of the data in the order in which they appear in those areas. In such a case, use prescribed punctuation ...". Because both fields 508 and 511 are logical extensions of the statement of responsibility, and 1.1A1 states, "Precede each subsequent statement of responsibility by a semicolon", and 1.0C1, paragraph 3 states, "Precede each mark of prescribed punctuation by a space and follow it by a space …", it seems that the "space semicolon space" practice is at least acceptable.

As far as I have been able to determine, the last official word on this topic appeared as Music Cataloging Decision 6.7B6 in the December 1992 issue of "Music Cataloging Bulletin", based on a memo from Bob Ewald in LC's Cataloging Policy and Support Office. Although this is a Music Cataloging Decision , it refers likewise to corresponding examples in various AACR2 rules (including also 7.7B6 and 9.7B6) that variously followed and did not follow prescribed punctuation. It should be noted that the MCD was citing the 1978 and 1988 texts of AACR2; in the current text of AACR2, the examples under 6.7B6 and 7.7B6 use standard punctuation, but the 9.7B6 example uses prescribed punctuation. So, although the specific discrepancies have shifted around, they remain within the text, and I believe that the MCD's advice can still be taken.

In the MCD, Mr. Ewald reports that the issue was discussed at LC. He writes, in part: "The consensus of the discussion was that prescribed punctuation in the note was not required by Rule 1.7A3 since the note does not necessarily reflect exact transcription from the source from which the data are taken. On the other hand, the presence of prescribed punctuation in the 1988 Rule 9.7B6 indicates that prescribed punctuation is not forbidden, and in fact may be useful when the note contains a long listing of entities performing a number of different functions. Conclusion: Standard punctuation (semicolon-space) or prescribed punctuation (space-semicolon-space) may be used when making the notes called for [in] AACR 2 Rules 6.7B6, 7.7B6, 9.7B6". In other words, one is not required to use prescribed punctuation in fields 508 and 511, but it is often helpful in making the notes more readable.

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Region and Color System Information for DVDs

Question: There is a record in OCLC for a film title that is for a PAL region 2 DVD. My institution owns a DVD that seems to correspond in every way to this record, except that our copy of the DVD is not region 2, even though the packaging states that it is region 2. It is either region 1 or all regions; there is no way to ascertain which it is. In checking with the originators of the cataloging record, they confirmed that their DVD is indeed region 2. Some time ago, there was discussion on the OLAC list about this exact situation. Some people thought that the difference in regionality alone was enough to justify a new record, since it affects access very strongly; others thought that it was not enough, since the technical difference is apparently very small. My own argument was that it really did not matter, because when the regions are different, there would surely also be some other difference, such as in publisher, year, extras, etc. It turns out that in this case there appears to be no difference whatsoever, except for the regionality . Should a new record be made for this DVD? What about adding a 500 with a $5? Ultimately, this situation is not a big deal, since the movie in question does not appear to be very popular. Still, it would be a good idea to know how best to approach this situation, should it occur again.

Answer: Part of the problem regarding region information is that many institutions do not include this information in bibliographic records for DVDs that are coded for their own particular region. OLAC's own "Guide to Cataloging DVDs" <http://www.olacinc.org/capc/dvd/dvdprimer0.html> sanctions the ignoring of regional information in such cases. For the sake of international cooperation, I would encourage catalogers to include regional information whenever it is available. In your case, however, there appears to be an explicit conflict between a region 2 DVD using the PAL color system and a DVD that is either region 1 or all-region. Although you do not say so, I imagine as well that your DVD uses the NTSC color system, given its region. When there is an explicit difference between either region or color system (NTSC, PAL, SECAM), I would consider a new record to be justified. Of course, there is always the option of using an existing record and editing it locally, although catalogers should only use this option as a last resort, since this practice could mislead users of that record as to what DVD actually exists in the collection.

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Interpreting LCRI 1.11A

Question: This is a question regarding electronic reproductions and other similar publications, since LC's Rule Interpretation (1.11A) is less than helpful with regard to their treatment. More specifically, this is in reference to CD-ROMs that are occasionally (but not necessarily) issued simultaneously with a corresponding printed monograph. Close examination will sometimes reveal that the CD-ROM is actually accompanying material, although most times it will consist of " pdf " files that exactly duplicate the print version. According to the LCRI, there is a difference between "electronic reproductions", "electronic republications", and "simultaneous publications in analog and digital form". The rules for cataloging the first type are clear, but there is no guidance as to how to treat them if they fall into either of the second two categories; there is also no clear guidance on how to distinguish one from the other. It is obvious enough how to treat electronic publication consisting of " pdf " files, with no variations, but how about one which varies only in the way the title page information is presented? Would it be too literal to say that this varies from the printed text, even though the intellectual content is exactly the same? Something that is cataloged as a reproduction is described as if it were the print, with a reproduction note; something that is not is presumably cataloged as an electronic resource with the appropriate description. This makes it impossible to refer to specific pages of the text for quoted notes or bibliographical references. Please explain how to deal with these types of materials and how to interpret the LCRI.

Answer: To my mind, the implication of the LCRI regarding "electronic republications or simultaneous publication in analog and digital form" is that individual institutions are free to treat them as they wish, with the text clearly leaning towards not following the LCRI in those instances. That is to say, such publications judged not to be "reproductions" in the sense outlined in LCRI 1.11A, may be treated as what is now called "born-digital" publications. Chapter 9 and, in the case of textual files, Chapter 2 would be used for guidance. The meaning of "simultaneous publication" is fairly clear, I think. The distinction that I have in mind between "electronic reproduction" and "electronic republication" (which is merely my own guess and therefore cannot be taken as an authoritative account of LC's intentions) is between versions that mimic the look, feel, and pagination of the original (such as "pdf", and similar sorts of files) and those versions that do not (such as HTML, and similar sorts of files). Of course, the fact that HTML and similar files cannot be referred to in terms of specific page numbers is a problem inherent in the technology rather than in cataloging practice, and I see no remedy for that. One would think that this would be a consideration for those making electronic reproductions of all types.

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